American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) Practice Exam 2025 - Free ABFM Practice Questions and Study Guide

Antioxidant supplementation is a topic of considerable debate in the medical community. Research has indicated that certain antioxidant supplements, such as β-carotene and vitamin E, are associated with increased mortality in specific populations, particularly among smokers and those with pre-existing health conditions.

The rationale behind this phenomenon can be explained through studies that have demonstrated potential harm from high doses of these supplements, which may lead to oxidative stress instead of providing the intended protective effect. This effect may be attributed to the way these supplements interact with various biological pathways, including inflammation and cellular signaling, which can paradoxically lead to adverse outcomes in some individuals.

In contrast, the idea that vitamin A or vitamin E supplementation directly decreases mortality lacks strong supportive evidence. Hence, it is crucial to note that while antioxidants are beneficial for health within a balanced diet, the indiscriminate use of high-dose supplements can have unintended negative consequences. Thus, the statement regarding increased mortality with some antioxidant supplements is the most accurate reflection of current understanding and evidence in the field.